Both legionary sub-units and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order. [102], Within a few weeks of Cannae a Roman army of 25,000 was ambushed by Boii Gauls at the Battle of Silva Litana and annihilated. However, only part of the besieging force left for Rome and Capua fell soon afterwards. Hannibal maintained his position in southern Italy until 203, when he was ordered to return to Africa. 10,000 talents was approximately 269,000 kg (265 long tons) of silver. The Second Punic War broke out in B.C. [159] The decisive Battle of Zama followed in October 202 BC. The Third Punic War (149-146 BC) Rome was victorious after the Second Punic War. [101] As a result, the Roman infantry was surrounded with no means of escape. [143] Hasdrubal now had no chance of reinforcing Hannibal in Italy. An indemnity of 10,000 silver talents was to be paid over 50 years. [97] Toni Ñaco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. [161] The Roman and allied Numidian cavalry drove the Carthaginian cavalry from the field. The heavily outnumbered Carthaginian infantry held out while this was happening until Hasdrubal charged into the legions from behind. Rome had emerged the victors in the Fi… [15][17][16], Several of the city states in southern Italy allied themselves with Hannibal, or were captured when pro-Carthaginian factions betrayed their defences. The Carthaginians were led by Hannibal, one of the most gifte… The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. In the Second Punic War, various Roman commanders faced Hannibal, leader of the forces of Carthaginians, their allies, and mercenaries.Four major Roman commanders made a name for themselves in the following main battles of the second Punic War. Carthage had lost the First Punic War (264-241 BCE) and control of Sicily, then again it had been defeated in the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) and so lost its Spanish empire, its fleet, and independence of military action. [111] When the port city of Locri defected to Carthage in the summer of 215 BC it was immediately used to reinforce the Carthaginian forces in Italy with soldiers, supplies and war elephants. [13] Much of Polybius's account of the Second Punic War is missing, or only exists in fragmentary form. Second Punic War, also called Second Carthaginian War, second (218–201 bce) in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. In 219 Hannibal captured Saguntum (Sagunto) on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Updates? The close order Libyan infantry and the citizen-militia would fight in a tightly packed formation known as a phalanx. [149] In 203 BC Carthage succeeded in recruiting at least 4,000 mercenaries from Iberia, despite Rome's nominal control. [101] The historian Richard Miles describes Cannae as "Rome's greatest military disaster". Date: Between 218 B.C., and 201 B.C. [112][114], Meanwhile the Romans took drastic steps to raise new legions: enrolling slaves, criminals and those who did not meet the usual property qualification. By 214 BC, Mago and Hasdrubal had levied new forces and decided to strike first. But this calmed once Sempronius arrived, to preside over the consular elections in the usual manner. The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the First Punic War. Both the Roman Republic and Carthage had strongly defended capital cities, plus a number of dependent cities that were also quite strong. Before the First Punic War, there was essentially … Carthage was Phoenician city founded in 814 BC, and the term Punic relates to the Latin and Greek words for Phoenician. The campaign ended in disaster at the Battle of Oroscopa[167] and anti-Carthaginian factions in Rome used the illicit military action as a pretext to prepare a punitive expedition. Now Rome had a problem, for the first time in its history, soldiers had been away to war for a long … [20], Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. The main source for almost every aspect of the Punic Wars[note 1] is the historian Polybius (c. 200 – c. 118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167 BC as a hostage. The Battle of Zama was Hannibal’s only major loss during the entire war — but it proved to be the decisive battle the Romans needed to bring the Second Punic War (Second Carthaginian War) to a close. [147] The Carthaginians were defeated, but Hasdrubal was able to withdraw the majority of his army in good order; most of his losses were among his Iberian allies. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank also carried two javelins, while the second and third ranks had a thrusting spear instead. Battle of Cannae 216 BC. [100], Paullus and Varro marched southward to confront Hannibal, and encamped 10 km (6 mi) away. Hannibal attacked Italy from the northern side and managed to win … The treaty between them and Hannibal can be described as an agreement of friendship, since the Capuans had no obligations. [30] On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among Hannibal's troops. [172] The formerly Carthaginian territories became the Roman province of Africa. [129] In 212 BC Hannibal destroyed the Roman army of M. Centenius Penula at the Battle of the Silarus in northwest Lucania. The Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal's deliberately weak centre, but Libyan heavy infantry on the wings swung around their advance, menacing their flanks. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) The First Punic War was a conflict between Rome and Carthage. He withdrew northward to rendezvous with Gnaeus Scipio's army, just as a third Carthaginian for… His aim was to join his forces with those of Hannibal, but Hannibal was unaware of his presence. Carthage had been found in the 8th century BC by Phoenicians on the coast of North Africa. These included the large city of Capua and the major port city of Tarentum (modern Taranto). [118], During 216 BC the Macedonian king, Philip V, pledged his support to Hannibal[119] – thus initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome in 215 BC. Rome, exhausted by war, nevertheless raised and dispatched an army to check Hasdrubal. [49] Relationships were good, the two states had several times declared their mutual friendship and there were strong commercial links. [133], In 210 the Carthaginians caught the Romans off guard during their siege of Herdonia and lifted the siege after a pitched battle in which the Romans lost 13,000 men from their army of 20,000. At that time these were considered to be the largest wars ever fought. [109] By early 215 BC they were fielding at least 12 legions; by 214 BC, 18; and by 213 BC, 22. South of the river Ebro, Sagunto was only sea town (it was Hellenized Iberian city), which did not obeyed to Carthaginians, but it entered into an alliance with Rome. [43] Many battles were decided when one side's infantry force was attacked in the flank or rear and they were partially or wholly enveloped. In 207 BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal. What were the wars fought in Rome and Carthage? The Romans' lodgement between the Ebro and Pyrenees was now secure and it blocked the route from Iberia to Italy, preventing the despatch of reinforcements from Iberia to Hannibal. [76] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[77] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. [29][30] Both Iberia and Gaul provided large numbers of experienced infantry – unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted[31][32] – and unarmoured close order cavalry[33] referred to by Livy as "steady", meaning that they were accustomed to sustained hand-to-hand combat rather than hit and run tactics. Macedonia, Syracuse and several Numidian kingdoms were drawn into the fighting; and Iberian and Gallic forces fought on both sides. In the years after the First Punic War, Rome wrested Corsica and Sardinia from Carthage and forced Carthaginians to pay an even greater indemnity than the payment exacted immediately following the war. hannibal barca. This meant the loss of Carthaginian Sicily to Rome under the terms of the Roman-dictated Treaty of Lutatius. The majority were deployed in southern Italy in field armies of approximately 20,000 men each. In 211 BC, Rome contained the threat of Macedonia by allying with the Aetolian League, an anti-Macedonian coalition of Greek city states. All three wars were won by Rome, which subsequently emerged as the greatest military power in the Mediterranean Sea. The First Punic War began in 264 BCE, when Rome and Carthage became interested in using settlements within Sicily to solve their own internal conflicts. Hannibal negotiated a treaty whereby Syracuse came over to Carthage, at the price of making the whole of Sicily a Syracusan possession. [94] The Carthaginians continued their march through Etruria, then Umbria, to the Adriatic coast, then marched south into Apulia,[95] in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and Italic city states of southern Italy. Hasdrubal demurred, arguing that Carthaginian authority over the Iberian tribes was too fragile and the Roman forces in the area too strong for him to execute the planned movement. [47] During this period of Roman expansion, Carthage, with its capital in what is now Tunisia, had come to dominate southern Spain, much of the coastal regions of North Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, and the western half of Sicily. There were three main military theatres during the war: Italy, where the Carthaginian general Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. Eventually, however, under the leadership of Hamilcar Barca, his son Hannibal, and his son-in-law Hasdrubal, Carthage acquired a new base in Spain, whence they could renew the war against Rome. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201 BC. The Roman Senate authorized the raising of double-sized armies by Varro and Paullus, a force of 86,000 men, the largest in Roman history up to that point. [30][44], Both states possessed large fleets throughout the war, but there were no large-scale naval clashes and Carthage never attempted to use its fleet decisively, effectively giving the Romans naval superiority for the course of the war. Punic Wars. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 3] and 300 cavalry. Publius Scipio moved quickly to counter the new offensive but was ambushed by the Punic cavalry, losing 2,000 men. Aided by internal upheaval in Syracuse, Carthage reestablished its presence on the island in 215 and maintained it until 210. In 207 Hasdrubal, following Hannibal’s route across the Alps, reached northern Italy with another large army supported by legions of Ligurians and Gauls. [122][123] Both Polybius' and Livy's accounts of the siege focus on Archimedes' invention of war machines to counteract Roman siege warfare, made more difficult by the strong defenses of the city. The first and second Punic wars (264–241 bce and 218–201 bce) had effectively deprived Carthage of its political power. First Punic War 264 to 241 BCE Second Punic War 214 to 201 BCE. [54], The war lasted 23 years, ending in 241 BC with a Carthaginian defeat. [4][5] Polybius's work is considered broadly objective and largely neutral as between Carthaginian and Roman points of view. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought by the powerful cities of Carthage and Rome between 264 BC and 146 BC. [6][7] Polybius was an analytical historian and wherever possible personally interviewed participants, from both sides, in the events he wrote about. [128], Fabius was able to overrun the Carthaginian ally Arpi in 213 BC. [117] By 207 BC Hannibal had been confined to the extreme south of Italy and many of the cities and territories which had joined the Carthaginian cause had returned to their Roman allegiance. In 205 BC this war ended with a negotiated peace. The first two wars were long—23 years and 17 years, separated by an interval of 23 years. Hostages were taken. After seventeen years of warfare, and at a great loss of life on both sides, Rome defeated Cárthage and came out on top as the new superpower … [101] Hasdrubal led the Carthaginian cavalry on the left wing and routed the Roman cavalry opposite, then swept around the rear of the Romans to attack their cavalry on the other wing. And they were on separate land masses, which made it harder to be decisive. [154] After landing in Africa in 204 BC, he was joined by Masinissa and a force of Numidian cavalry. The massed Carthaginian army, led by Hannibal, was defeated at Zama. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. During the long mainland campaign, fighting had continued as well on Sardinia and Sicily, which had become Rome’s chief sources of food. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201 BC. Objective of the conflict: To expand the Carthaginian Empire through the Iberian Peninsula to Rome. It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year, known as consuls, as senior magistrates, who at time of war would each lead an army. Timeline Of The Punic Wars. [143] This strategy resulted in the Battle of Castulo and the Battle of Ilorca, usually combined as the Battle of the Upper Baetis. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Many were from North Africa which provided several types of fighter, including: close order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close-order shock cavalry[note 4] (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat. [164] Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". Reinforced by Gallic allies, he obtained crushing victories over the Romans at the battles of Trebia (218) and Lake Trasimene (217). This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy. Hannibal could win allies, but defending them against the Romans was a new and difficult problem, as the Romans could still field multiple armies, which in total greatly outnumbered his own forces. The Second Samnite War lasted from 327 BC to 304 BC: 23 years. [147][151] It was followed by the Roman capture of Gades, after the city rebelled against Carthaginian rule. The Second Punic War Begins. Romans Lose at Drepana ... Hannibal was one of the greatest military leaders in history. However, in the war, they lost several army men and elephants. They were great traders and farmers, and soon they had created a great city, and they dominated large tracts of the coast of Northern Africa. Also the invention of the corvus, a long battle bridge used to board enemy ships. [142], Hasdrubal received orders from Carthage to move into Italy and join up with Hannibal in order to put pressure on the Romans in their homeland. Answer to: How long did the Third Punic War last? [133] Hannibal then fought the inconclusive Battle of Numistro, but the Romans stayed on his heels, fighting the also inconclusive Battle of Canusium in 209 BC. [160] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. Thus, the two armies remained deadlocked on the Italian peninsula until 211 bce, when Rome recaptured the city of Capua. It was prohibited from waging war outside Africa, and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. [61][62] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220s BC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221 BC. In 216 B.C., the Roman Republic was embroiled in the second of what would eventually be three devastating wars with the North African city-state of Carthage. Second Punic War, second (218–201 bce) in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. [55] Under the leadership of Hamilcar Barca, Carthage defeated the rebels in 237 BC. [8][9][10], The accuracy of Polybius's account has been much debated over the past 150 years, but the modern consensus is to accept it largely at face value, and the details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account. The inhabitants of Capua held limited Roman citizenship and the aristocracy was linked to the Romans via marriage and friendship, but the possibility of becoming the supreme city of Italy after the evident Roman disasters proved too strong a temptation. The second Punic war took place between 218 and 201 BC. [115], For 11 years after Cannae the war surged around southern Italy as cities went over to the Carthaginians or were taken by subterfuge, and the Romans recaptured them by siege or by suborning pro-Roman factions. In both wars, the Carthaginians had also been made to pay Rome massive reparations. The Carthaginians encircled the Romans[84] and only 10,000 out of 42,000 were able to fight their way to safety. Infantry were usually positioned in the centre of the battle line, with light infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank. Archimedes before being killed by the Roman soldier – copy of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century, An Iberian warrior from bas-relief c. 200 BC. In 218 BC there was some naval skirmishing in the waters around Sicily. [104][105] However, the majority of Rome's allies remained loyal, including many in southern Italy. The Carthaginians accepted Scipio’s terms for peace: Carthage was forced to pay an indemnity and surrender its navy, and Spain and the Mediterranean islands were ceded to Rome. [159] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. [50][51] According to the classicist Richard Miles, Rome's expansionary attitude after southern Italy came under its control combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to Sicily caused the two powers to stumble into war more by accident than design. Both wars ended with Roman victories; the Second when the Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal , the premier Carthaginian general of the war, at the Battle of Zama , 160 … In 219 BC Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked the pro-Roman city of Saguntum, prompting a Roman declaration of war on Carthage in spring 218 BC. [143] In 206 BC the Carthaginians ended this drain on their resources by dividing several Numidian kingdoms with him. The Roman general Publius Scipio won a decisive battle at Ilipa in 206 and forced the Carthaginians out of Spain. [89] Hannibal then cut off the Roman army from Rome, which provoked Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. [65], In 219 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum[66][67] and in spring 218 BC Rome declared war on Carthage. It began in 218 B.C., and continued through 201 B.C. [85] The consuls-elect recruited further legions, both Roman and from Rome's Latin allies; reinforced Sardinia and Sicily against the possibility of Carthaginian raids or invasion; placed garrisons at Tarentum and other places for similar reasons; built a fleet of 60 quinqueremes; and established supply depots at Ariminum and Arretium in preparation for marching north later in the year. [137], After Publius Cornelius Scipio invaded the Carthaginian homeland in 204 BC, defeating the Carthaginians in two major battles and winning the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa, Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled. Hannibal was left largely free to ravage Apulia for the next year. In 219 B.C., Hannibal, a Carthaginian general, started the Second Punic war by attacking the city of Saguntum (Sagunto, Spain), an ally of the Roman Republic. [82] As a result, most of the Gallic tribes declared for the Carthaginian cause, and Hannibal's army grew to more than 40,000 men. [152] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which initially attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. … [147] In a carefully planned assault in 209 BC, he captured the lightly-defended centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia, New Carthage,[147][148] seizing a vast booty of gold, silver and siege artillery. "Shock" troops are those trained and used to close rapidly with an opponent, with the intention of breaking them before, or immediately upon, contact. These commanders were Sempronius, at the Trebbia … He released the captured population and liberated the Iberian hostages held there by the Carthaginians, in an attempt to ensure the loyalty of their tribes;[147][149] although many of them were subsequently to fight against the Romans. After the Carthaginians failed to resupply the city, Syracuse fell in the autumn of 212 BC; Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier. [124], A large Carthaginian army led by Himilco was sent to relieve the city in 213 BC. [121], Sicily remained firmly in Roman hands, blocking the ready seaborne reinforcement and resupply of Hannibal from Carthage. It seemed as though the superiority of the Romans at sea would enable them to choose the field of battle....…, During the decades between the wars, the Carthaginians had been busy building up an empire in Spain which...…. [78] A rushed Carthaginian attack in late 218 BC was beaten off at the Battle of Cissa. 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