3- The integrated approach: also known as “the unified or contextual approach”. (I) Introduction to Presumptions in Interpretation (II) Presumption applicable to interpretation of Non statutory document. They are used only as a starting point. The presumption against extraterritoriality is a canon of statutory interpretation rooted in the "longstanding principle" that a federal statute "is meant to apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States" absent congressional intent to the contrary. Dynamic Statutory Interpretation (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1994) at 275 [Eskridge, Dynamic Statutory Interpretation]. Comments. [4] Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Consolidated Media Holdings Ltd (2012) 293 ALR 257 and Alcan (NT) … The invocation of a presumption shifts the burden of proof from one party to the opposing party in a court trial. Professor Adrian Vermeule has noted that “there are very few longitudinal studies tracing the history of particular canons.” 40 × 40. Reference this. Part I describes the evolution of the presumption against extraterritoriality over two centuries, providing a detailed account of change in an important canon of statutory interpretation. Even though following the exact meaning without considering the changes of language sometimes might lead to an unforgiving outcome, you still must follow the act if the words in that act are clear. However, there have been few occasions where statutory interpretation may have resulted in a bad outcome but for the redeeming affect of the golden rule. Looking for a flexible role? The task of interpretation may vary in difficulty. Generally , it means assuming something to be true . Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. The term ‘presumption of constitutionality’ is a legal principle that is used by courts during statutory interpretation — the process by which courts interpret and apply a law passed by the legislature, such as Parliament. Clause Presumption of Deference to Interpretation Presumption of deference and extent Presumption that Statutory Construction is core to Judiciary Preusmption about General awareness of Legislature Presumption of Mens Rea 2 Scienter.US 3.US 4 Judges needs to interpret statues when deciding civil cases directing the jury on points of law for example in criminal cases, Solicitors and Barristers when advising their clients and finally academics and Law students needs it when writing their essay. When statutory law is altered during the pendency of a lawsuit, the courts at every level must apply the new law unless doing so would violate the presumption against retroactivity. Constitutional Law Statutory Interpretation Lecture. Here’s an uncomplicated example to show you the affects of the words changing meanings: “Every person willfully, openly, lewdly and obscenely exposing his person with intent to insult any female”. Take a look at some weird laws from around the world! Who needs to interpret statutes and when is it used? Start studying Statutory Interpretation: Presumptions.. An example of a plain reading resulting in a harsh result is the Berriman case (1946)where a railway worker was killed while doing some ‘oiling’ on a railway line as a result of there being no ‘look out’ point. Canons of statutory interpretation are sometimes said to promote continuity and stability in the law. Common Law Principles and Presumptions 9. They will be read literally and do not need to be analysed further for different meanings, disregarding the plain words of the legislation. Uniformity of Expression 10. An annotation by James Janison, Staff Editor. Under the literal rule, the words in a statute are given their ordinary and natural meaning. Doctrine of Presumption of Constitutionality . A rebuttable statutory presumption governs only the burden of going forward with the evidence and, even when it operates against the defendant, it does not alter the ultimate burden of proof resting upon the prosecution, nor deprive the defendant of the benefit of the presumption of innocence.”, "You have an excellent service and I will be sure to pass the word.". 20th Aug 2019 Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a law student. Substantive presumptions have been criticized for rendering statutory interpretation “mechanical” and simply acting as “window dressing” for decisions that were ultimately decided on other grounds. Languages of act are the words which parliament has itself approved as accurately expressing its intentions. The court interprets statutes using the following approaches: The literal approach - interpret according to plain, literal meaning of the words. Ejusdem Generis 9. UN-2. In addition, if the meaning of these words is clear and does not lead to a result that is manifestly unreasonable, it would be a confidence trick by parliament and destructive of all legal certainty if he private citizen not rely upon that meaning but was required to search through the course of the legislative process in order to see whether there was anything to be found from which it could be inferred that parliaments real intention had not been accurately expressed by the actual words that parliament had adopted to communicate it those affected by the legislation. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. All presumptions may be rebutted by clear contrary wording in the statute. On the other hand sometimes it might lead to bad out comings. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of LawTeacher.net. Explained: The ‘presumption of constitutionality’ in the case of the new citizenship law The term ‘presumption of constitutionality’ is a legal principle that is used by courts during statutory interpretation — the process by which courts interpret and apply a … The language of act is the source to which parliament must have intended the citizen to refer. A statutory presumption cannot be sustained: if there be no rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed; or . Statutory Option Stock [Internal Revenue], Statutory Off-Duty Period [Transportation], Annual Statutory Financial Statement [Agriculture]. Statutory presumption that both spouses are entitled to an equal share of the family property acquired during the relationship upon breakdown of the relationship. presumption synonyms, presumption pronunciation, presumption translation, English dictionary definition of presumption. In the absence of a clear contrary intention within the statute the courts will presume that Parliament intended the statute to have the meaning favored by the presumption. For example, in the Fisher v Bell (1960) act a shopkeeper displayed a knife in his window. The exercise of the judicial power of the United States often requires that courts construe statutes so enacted to apply them in concrete cases and controversies. September 14, 2020 at 7:40 am. Finally, the mischief rule is the third rule of the statutory interpretation that it’s aspiring is to look at the intention of the statute. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Therefore, the definition of a provision in the dictionary would be the clearer). 4.2e Presumptions . Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Bennion (StatuteLaw, 1990), has identified a number of factors that may cause doubt:. Under the contract law it is an invitation to treat with any offer made by customers. As a result it is acceptable for a court to modify the language of the statute or even vary the language to the purpose of avoiding such inconvenience. Why is statutory interpretation necessary? So if we conceder this issue by looking at the literal rule of the statutory interpretation, they would fall outside of the scope of the act and avoid liability. Company Registration No: 4964706. PURPOSE: This form is intended for use by people litigating against the government or in a courtroom controlled by a government judge. Interpretation Act 8. Presumptions Introduction Statutory constructions is inextricably involved with jurisprudential phenomenon, putatively designated as the presumption of interpretation. Article I, Section 1 of the Constitution vests all federal legislative power in Congress, while Article I, Section 7 sets forth the process for effectuating this power through passage of legislation by both houses and either presidential approval or veto override. Also, it is important because of the uncertainty, ambiguity, broad terms, hurried drafting and unforeseeable development. Conflict Between Enactments 9. Background. The task of interpretation may vary in difficulty. 6 Please spread the word so more students can benefit from our study materials. The judge would not grant Mrs Berriman compensation for her husband’s death as the relevant A… Gary Slapper& David Kelly, 2009-2010, The English Legal System, Routledge Cavendish, Taylor/Francis Group. Presumption - definition of presumption by The Free Dictionary. This type of rule concentrate in what the parliament has said. 1. n. 1. Statutory interpretation is the process of determining whether a statute applies to a particular circumstances and if yes, what are the consequences. Other than that, it might sometimes lead to some recompense such as the waste of time and cases might be more costly. Statutory Principles and Presumptions 7. Statutory presumption means a rebuttable or decisive presumption created by a statute. • The presumptions of statutory interpretation … Introduction to statutory interpretation Statutory interpretation concerns the role of judges when trying to apply an Act of Parliament to an actual case. In the law of evidence, a presumption of a particular fact can be made without the aid of proof in some situations. This rule uses cannons and rule of interpretation to establish the meaning of words or the intention of parliament. When determining the meaning of particular words the courts will make certain presumptions about the law. The role of judges in this rule is to apply the law not to make it but the can have difficulty in deciding parliament’s intention. What is statutory interpretation? Our proposal seeks to provide a uniform methodology for the use of substantive presumptions by incorporating them into the contextual analysis mandated by the modern approach set out in Re Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd, [1998] 1 SCR 27, 154 DLR (4th) 193. Such as, a presumption that the crown is not bound by any statute unless it expressly says so, a presumption that legislation does not apply retrospectively, a presumption against a change in the common law and finally a presumption that is required in criminal cases. Presumption definition is - presumptuous attitude or conduct : audacity. Nowadays, statutory interpretation is very necessary because the problems of language have increased and languages are changing over time. While the restriction of offences weapons act 1959 made it an offence to sell such a knife. the post-New Deal consensus on statutory interpretation: the idea that legislation is a purposive act, and that judges should interpret acts of Congress to implement the legislative purpose, even if doing so requires some deviation from the semantic detail of the enacted text.1 The basis for his position-which, until recently, was also the Court's2-is familiar. It should be used to prevent abuses of “words of art” and presumption to advantage the government and prejudice your rights. The main advantage of this rule that it has more safety out comes than the literal rulein contrast one of its disadvantages is that judges don’t like telling the parliament they are being absurd. This act gives the right to create one of the following types of delegated legislation. Ends Cyber Monday: Get your study survival kit for 50% off! RULES OF PRESUMPTION AND STATUTORY INTERPRETATION FORM INSTRUCTIONS Last revised: 6/1/2008 1. 2-The golden rule: golden rule is the second rule that will seek to apply a reasonable and rational result. Presumptions: they are made by certain assumptions made by the courts. Furthermore here is a simple example, in this particular case of illustration Re Sigsworth (1953). Doctrine of Presumption of Constitutionality . F.A.R. Start studying Statutory Interpretation: Presumptions.. On Friday, 25 September 2020, the Supreme Court delivered judgment in two appeals (the Appeals) 1 which considered the statutory presumption in favour of disclosure in the context of a request made pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act 2014 (the Act) vis-a-vis confidential or commercially sensitive documents. In consideration of this overview, statutory interpretation is an extremely dynamic and demanding process. You can view samples of our professional work here. There are three basic rules that the courts will employ to determine the intention of parliament: 1-The literal rule: it is the first rule of the statutory interpretation. Some of the advantages of the mischief rule are finding the meaning that seems to be what parliament intended and it can be extent to the reason of fitting new situations. How to use presumption in a sentence. Language is not a precise tool as words often take their meaning from context, their meaning can even change over time and of course draftsmen cannot foresee and guess everything. It is a very simple rule. Statutory interpretation first became significant in common law systems, of which historically England is the exemplar. Presumption as to the meaning or of specific expressions or provisions when used in some non-documents. In addition, judges can interpret acts in both narrowly and hardly or generally and widely, in the aim of developing the law. It was argued that these strippers weren’t actually present on the streets but they were attracting the attention of individuals by tapping on the windows of their properties. So, it is necessary to have a good back ground about it as it has an important role in a court. The real question in statutory interpretation is just what we shall do with them (O W Holmes, Towne v Eisner 245 US 418 at 425 (1918)) … in the field of statute law the judge must be obedient to the will of the Parliament as expressed in its enactments. The wording of the Act may seem to be clear when it is drafted and checked by Parliament, but it may become problematic in the future. 1- The literal approach: also known as “the constructionist approach”. What are the 4 most important Presumptions? The presumption against extraterritoriality is a prime example. 1) Order in council; made by queen and Privy Council. Lately courts have integrated the traditional approaches. Free resources to assist you with your legal studies! *You can also browse our support articles here >. Rule of Effectivity 9. If you have found OpenTuition useful, please donate. First I would like to remind you of the parliament as it is the main legislative body in the United Kingdom because it is concerned of making new law to meet new situations. - A presumption against the change in the common law. 1. Reader Interactions. These approaches are not always clearly defined, least of all by judges who often interpret a statute without saying which approach they are using. 2- The mischief approach: also known as “the purposive approach” .It is typical of the way EU law it needs to be interpreted. Extraterritoriality Canon. Secondly, after you’ve had understood the first part of the domestic sources of Law which is the parliament (that contains statutory law and delegated legislation). Substantive law has a way of creeping into federal courts’ statutory interpretation techniques, [i] and international law is no exception. The apply legislations to case facts in the interests of fairness and justice. (A court will always access and update the common and general meaning of a provision. Therefore, it is used when the words of the statute are ambiguous and it is very hard to see which meaning is appropriate and also when words have only one meaning but to give them that meaning would be wholly unacceptable. Week 6 (Statutory Interpretation) COMMON LAW PRESUMPTIONS OF INTERPRETATION (Lecture 16) ... • The presumption will not apply where the other existing law conflicts with the Constitution. [1] DC Pearce and RS Geddes, Statutory Interpretation in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 8 th ed, 2014) 146. The interpretation legislation should depend on the way in which it is to be interpreted by the judges. Certain presumptions of statutory interpretation have developed over the years. Good sir, “ Unless perfectly clear, statute is … Browse US Legal Forms’ largest database of 85k state and industry-specific legal forms. Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - LawTeacher is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. A more recent example of statutory interpretation under the mischief rule is Smith V Hughes (1960).This case consider the fundamental purpose of the street offences act 1959, in preventing the soliciting sex on the street by prostitute. A more recent example of statutory interpretation under the mischief rule is Smith V Hughes (1960).This case consider the fundamental purpose of the street offences act 1959, in preventing the soliciting sex on the street by prostitute. A statutory presumption cannot be sustained: if there be no rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed; or. Moreover, let’s get to the core of my paper, an essential process; the statutory interpretation. [2] Brodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001) 206 CLR 512, 532 [31]. 2) Statutory instrument; made b y government ministers. 3) By laws; made by local authority and can also be made by public corporations. The court interprets statutes using the following approaches: The literal approach - interpret according to plain, literal meaning of the words. Explained: The ‘presumption of constitutionality’ in the case of the new citizenship law The term ‘presumption of constitutionality’ is a legal principle that is used by courts during statutory interpretation — the process by which courts interpret and apply a … According to the provisions of this law, paternal filiation is determined either by statutory presumption or recognition of paternity, or by a court declaration. Statutory Interpretation Presumptions, Delegated Legislation – ACCA Corporate and Business Law (LW) (ENG) Spread the word. An intrinsic aid is one that is from outside the act of parliament which makes it easier to interpret. and the modern approach to statutory interpretation consistently adopted by the Supreme Court of Canada. Statutory interpretation is an exercise carried out by the court, with the aid of rules and procedures that are intended to decipher ambiguous and vague legislation. Notes from Smith & Bailey on the Modern English Legal System, Third edition 1996, p351-403; cases in Jacqueline Martin, The English Legal System, chapter 3.. INTRODUCTION. On the other hand if we look at this issue by considering the mischief rule the court will state that the intention of the act was to deter prostitution so the action of the prostitutes should be including when interpreting the statute. Week 6 (Statutory Interpretation) COMMON LAW PRESUMPTIONS OF INTERPRETATION (Lecture 16) A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMON-LAW PRESUMPTIONS OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION (USA & SA) • Whether in the Constitutional Democracy the common law presumptions are still useful or applicable (or whether they have been subsumed under the constitution). To apply this presumption, the courts read the parts of each statutory section, part, and article as a whole and interpret the various portions consistently with one another. Yet it is widely acknowledged that canons themselves sometimes change. if the inference of the one from proof of the other is arbitrary because of lack of connection between the two in common experience. Ambiguity 7. These are the long/short title, preamble, headings and punctuations. • This presumption is in accordance with the rule of law, viz legal certainty. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on LawTeacher.net then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Presumption of consistent expression Presumption against redundant words or surplusage( Presumption against tautology). Statutory interpretation is the process of determining whether a statute applies to a particular circumstances and if yes, what are the consequences. Statutory Interpretation Lecture. Donate. Whereas the extrinsic aids are previous act on the same topic, historical settings, earlier case law and dictionaries at the line. The act of parliament and the taken regulations are delegated legislation and are called statutory instruments. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service. This approach means that the courts respects the actual words used but rather than stick religiously to them, they interpret them in the context in which they appear, and the underlying purpose of act. 75% of cases heard by the house of lords are concerned with statutory interpretation. UN-2. The word marry had two meanings so, if the word marry was given the first meaning nobody who was already married could be guilty of offence of bigamy because at the time it was legal to marry a second time, it would be impossible for them to do that. The court held that this was silly and said that the word marry must mean go through a formal ceremony of marriage. It means that words should be given their ordinary meaning without trying to guess what parliament actually meant when the act was pulled. Language issue can be the case that statutory interpretation requires the judges to infer in vague or incomplete legislation. The Delegated Legislation is one of the main topics in Law, it means making the law by some person or body other than parliament but with the authority of the parliament. However, he succeeded in arguing that a display in a shop is not an offer for sale. Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius 9. The Supreme Court's judgments, involving requests … Interpretation of legislation is a big subject on which the courts have been involving principles. A statute presumptively has no extraterritorial application (statuta suo ... statutory interpretation . Additionally it is also important to bear on mind that judges cannot challenge legislation; they have to apply the law; what means that they should act like administers of justice and not creators of law. Asif110 says. - A presumption that mens rea is required in criminal cases. The presumption against extraterritoriality is an interpretive principle whereby federal courts avoid reading U.S. statutes as applicable on foreign soil without Congress’s clear indication to the contrary. In Roman and civil law, a statute (or code) guides the magistrate, but there is no judicial precedent. RECONCILING CANONS OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION WITH TEXTUALISM* NATASCHA BORN* U.S. courts have relied on the presumption against extraterritoriality to limit the application of federal law beyond U.S. borders for more than two centuries. It does not shift the burden of proof. (There is time where the court will consider the law prior to the enactment of legislation although legislation is reactive and proactive). Principle of Associated Meaning 9. The term ‘presumption of constitutionality’ is a legal principle that is used by courts during statutory interpretation — the process by which courts interpret and apply a law passed by the legislature, such as Parliament. There are two types of presumption: rebuttable presumption and conclusive presumption. It is expected that mistakes will be made and clarity will be required. ... - However if the statute clearly states the opposite to the presumption, it is void. In State v. Haremza, 213 Kan. 201 (Kan. 1973), the court observed that “Statutory presumptions are ordinarily rebuttable. [3] Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355, 382 [70]. Judicial interpretation of a statute is authoritative in the matter before the court, and ma… F.A.R. Notes from Smith & Bailey on the Modern English Legal System, Third edition 1996, p351-403; cases in Jacqueline Martin, The English Legal System, chapter 3.. INTRODUCTION. However, statutory interpretation is considered as a skill of language, rather than law. Presumption in case of 'Notwithstanding anything.'. When using one of the rules of statutory interpretation the courts may rely on a presumption or secondary aids to assist them in making their decision. It is merely an evidentiary rule whereby the accused must go forward with an explanation to rebut the permissive presumption. Applying this golden rule gives effects to the clear words used by parliament, but will stop short of arriving at a ridiculous decision. The advantages of this rule are its simplicity and that you just give the normal meaning of the words. Convenient, Affordable Legal Help - Because We Care! Bennion (StatuteLaw, 1990), has identified a number of factors that may cause doubt:. These factors make statutory interpretation an essential skill of judgment. * The literal and golden rules determine what parliament have said, unlike the mischief rule. The word “person” is used twice but giving two different meanings. Now I would like to focus more on the second part of the domestic sources which is the courts (that contains statutory interpretation and system of precedent). In England, Parliament historically failed to enact a comprehensive code of legislation, which is why it was left to the courts to develop the common law; and having decided a case and given reasons for the decision, the decision would become binding on later courts. Therefore the delegated legislation issue needs to be examined and analyzed carefully as it has a strong power concerning the applying Law. Here’s an example of R v Allen (1872), Allen was accused of bigamy under s.57 of the offences against the person act (1861) which made it an offence to ‘marry’ while the original spouse was still alive; and not divorce. The expression “presumption” in interpretation would mean that while interpreting a statute or any provision thereof ; the courts must deem certain things to be true and correct . http://www.law-essays-uk.com/help/statutory-interpretation.php, http://sixthformlaw.info/01_modules/mod2/2_2_3_stat_interp/04_other_rules.htm, Statutory Interpretation – The Rules of Language, Aids and Presumptions. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Define presumption. When reading a statute, it is worth pitting yourself in the shoes of a parliamentary draftsman to understand the real intention and effect of their work. 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